The Sardinian NURAGHE or SU NURAGHE:
The Sardinian NURAGHE is
defined by the Wikipedia link at [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuraghe] as
follows:
"The nuraghe [nuˈraɡe]
(plural Italian nuraghi, Sardinian nuraghes)
is the main type of ancient megalithic edifice found in Sardinia. Today it has
come to be the symbol of Sardinia and its distinctive culture, the Nuragic
civilization. According to the Oxford English Dictionary the etymology is
"uncertain and disputed": "The word is perhaps related to the Sardinian place
names Nurra, Nurri, Nurru, and to Sardinian nurra heap of stones, cavity in
earth (although these senses are difficult to reconcile). A connection with the
Semitic base of Arabic nūr light, fire ... is now generally rejected."[1] The
latin word "murus"
(wall) may be related to it
(M. Pittau, philologist), as the old Italian word "mora" (tombal rock mound), as
used by Dante in his "Comedy". The derivation: murus-muraghe-nuraghe is
debated."
First of all, the etymology of the
name NURAGHE is
very much related to the Turkish word NUR meaning "light".
The Latin word "MURUS"
meaning "wall",
when rearranged as "URMUS",
is a word that is made up from Turkish word "ÖRMÜŞ" meaning "it
has been woven", "it is a wall".
A wall is a structure "woven" with stones - just like the Turkish rugs that are
woven with woollen or other threads. In Turkish, "to build a wall" is expressed
with the term "DUVAR
ÖRMEK" meaning "to
weave a wall".
Although, all Nuraghe3s are madeup of
walls, linguistically, the name Nuraghe and the Latin word "murus" are not
related to each other.
Turkish word ÖRÜ means "that
which is woven; wall".
Turkish words ÖR and ÖRÜK are
the same as the Sumerian city names URand URUK which
were the "woven" cities of the Sumerians. Thus, the Turkish words ÖR and ÖRÜK and
the Sumerian city names URand URUK are
the same words but belonging to different dialects of the ancient Turanian
language of Turkish!
In Sardinia, the typical
nuraghe has the shape of a truncated conical tower resembling a beehive. The
structure has no foundations and stands only by virtue of the weight of its
stones, which may weigh as much as several tons. Some nuraghes are more than 20
metres in height, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuraghe].
The Sardinian Nuraghes are architectural monuments that, most likely, had
multiple functions in ancient Sardinian life.
"A beehive
tomb, also known as a tholos tomb (plural tholoi) (Greek:θόλος τάφοι, θόλοι
τάφοι, "domed tombs"), is a burial structure characterized by its false dome
created by the superposition of successively smaller rings of mudbricks or, more
often, stones. The resulting structure resembles a beehive, hence the
traditional English name", [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehive_tomb].
The construction of Nuraghes is indeed a mark of excellence in ancient
architecture of human genius. Their circular design with thick stone walls
tapering towards the centre all around as it rises to its desired height -
provides excellent durability against time and the destructiveness of human
beings. Nuraghes show how well the ancient Sardinians were trained in schools
for building stone structures. They were truly large and small "stone
castles". A "CASTLE" is
defined as "a
large building or group of buildings fortified against attack with thick walls,
battlements, towers, and in many cases a moat." The name CASTLE,
rearranged as "TS-CALE",
is the anagammatized form of the Turkish expression "TAŞ
KALE" meaning "stone
castle". So even this so-called "Aryan" word is made up from Turkish by
way of altering and restructuring. This "castle" structure is clearly visible
in the buildup of the ancient Sardinian Nuraghes and Su Nuraxi. Even the
so-called Greek saying θόλος
τάφοι, θόλοι τάφοι, "domed tombs" is fabricated from Turkish as follows:
The Greek term "THOLOS
TAPHOI", rearranged as "OLO-TSH
THPA-OI", (where the symbol H is a multi-faced letter that can be an H,
or an E or an I - as required by the Greek "wordsmith" who fabricated words from
Turkish), is the altered, restructured, stolen and Hellenized form of the
Turkish expression "ULU
TaŞ TEPE ÖY" meaning "large
stone made 'hill' like house". The SardinianNURAGHES are
exactly within this definition in Turkish. This definition in Turkish of the
so-called Hellenic term indicates that Turkish was the universally spoken
language when Greeks were fabricating "Aryan words" by breaking and rearranging
Turkish words and phrases. Although they stole the ancient Turkish language to
make "Greek" words, they also, and probably unknowingly, put the ancient Turkish
words and phrases into a "deep freeze" so that they could later be recovered
from these "Greek" words - by deciphering them as I have been doing! I want to
note that while the "domed tombs" saying may apply to the Etruscan "circular and
domed tombs", in the case of the Sardinian Suraghes, this meaning is not
applicable because the Sardinian Suraghes are multi-functioned ancient Turanian
structures built to stand the test of time over thousands of years. They are
ingenious engineering marvels built by the ancient Turanian engineers!
Turkish word ULU means "great", TAŞ means "stone", TEPE means "hill,
head", ÖY means "house,
home".
In the following reference citing, we learn that the Nuraghes are described by
the Sardinian term "SU NURAXI" which is also the name of a particular ancient
cdıty site in Sardinia:
http://www.charmingsardinia.com/sardinia/su-nuraxi.html
"The archaeological site "Su
Nuraxi" (Sardinian term for "The
Nuraghe") lies at the foot of the Parco della Giara, near Barumini.
Nuraghes are the main type of megalithic edifice found in Sardinia, and the
use of these beehive-like
buildings still
remains unknown.Most archaeologists assume they were used as religious
temples, meeting halls, or military strongholds."
This reference citing tells us that the presently used term NURAGHE is
actually an altered and Anglicized form of the Sardinian name"SU
NURAXI". The bogus letter X in NURAXI is
a replacement for GH or KH letter
combinations. Thus, we can view the name SU
NURAXI as "SU
NURAGHI" or "SU
NURAKHI". Clearly, this form of the Sardinian name has been
transliterated as "THE
NURAGHE". And hence it has been further alienated from its original
Sardinan form. This observation is very important for our analysis of the name SU
NURAXI as well as the name NURAGHES in
general.
First of all, the name SU
NURAGHE is a signature name of
the ancient Turanian Sea Peoples of Sardinia. This we see as follows:
The name SU
NURAGHE, rearranged as "SUGU-HAN-ER",
is a restructured form of the Turkish expression "SUCU-HAN
ER" (SAKA-HAN ER, DENIZ HAN ER) meaning "Water-Lord
man" or "Sea-Lord Man", that is, "Lord
Sea People". Thus, the name SU
NURAGHE identifies these
ancient Sea
People who built these amazing
structures of the ancient Sardinia with the ancient TuranianSUCU-HAN
(i.e., SAKA-HAN, DENİZ-HAN) Turks. By another saying, they were the SAKA
TURKS or the so-calledPELASGIANS!
Turkish word SUCU
(SAKA) means "people who
deal with water related works", HAN means
"lord", ER means
"man", DENİZmeans
"sea". The name DENİZ
HAN was the name of one of the
six sons of Oguz Kagan, that is, one of the ancestor name of Tur/Turk/Oguz
peoples.
The name SU
NURAGHE is a complex name that
represents many attributes related to these ancient Sardinian structures. These
so-called "bee-hive" like Nuraghes, in one sense (concept), are just like the
Turkish YURTS in
Central Asia, [http://polatkaya.net/Yurt.html],
which are also made up as one circular room dwelling. While YURT is a portable
dwelling, Su Nuraghe is a permanent structure made in the form of a hill
(tepe, baş), but made of stone. Most of the Sardinian Nuraghes are
in TEPE
(hill; head) form! When one searches in Google under "Nuraghe images", we get
pictures of many Nuraghes. Below are some examples of them.
Figure 2. Inside view of an open ended Nuraghi
which is very much like the "PANTHEON" building in Rome - which is also
from the ancient so-called "Pagan" civilization. It is an emulation of
the sky-dome where the opening at the top represents the sun shining in
the sky. The opening at the top of the Pantheon building is called
"OCULUS" in Latin. But "OCULUS" rearranged as "ULU-COS" is from Turkish
"ULU GÖZ" meaning "Great Eye" - which refers to the Sun and also to the
"human eye" at the "Head of man".
|
Figure 3. Closed dome of a Sardinian Nuraghe.
This is a magnificent building of the ancient Turanians. The conical
(i.e., TEPE) the enterance to the Nuraghe above, with the arch making an
outstreched arms, seems to be designed as if a person or a deity in
white clothes is guarding the Nuraghe. This person's head is againg a
conical "hill" type structure above the arch.Ancient Turanian Shamans
used white robes in religious ceremonies. (picture is fromhttp://data.greatbuildings.com/gbc/images/cid_1036316027_DSCN1599.jpg)
Clearly, what we see above is an ancient Turanian made "DOME" structure originated by the ancient Tur/Turk/Oguz peoples. Curiousely, the English word "DOME" is an altered form of the Turkish word "DAM" meaning"the roof of a building" and also the "roof of the sky" which is a circular "dome" itself. |
d) The name SU NURAGHE,
rearranged as "AGN-SU-UERH",
where U, V and Y are replaceble wıth each other, is a form of the Turkish
expression "AKAN
SU YERI" meaning "place
of running water", "place of dripping water". This definition in
Turkish implies that at least some Nuraghes had something to do with running
water systems. The reference above states the presence of the
ancient water supplying system, with its big underground ducts. The SU
NURAGHES are stone towers that
could be used to condense water from hot humid air, from morning misty air as
there would always be a temperature difference between the stones of the
Nuraghes and the surrounding air. Similarly, the rain water falling on the
Nuraghes could be collected in the bottom center of the nuraghe from which a
conduit would carry the distilled water to a nearby water collection point.
The Turkish term "AKAN
SU" means not only the "running
(flowing) water" in conduits,
channels or rivers, but also the "dripping
water" from the ceiling. The
Nuraghes are made with heavy stones interlaced on top of each other. This would
leave a lot of space between the stones through which some air movement (draft)
would occur. Additionally, since some nuraghes were built like chimneys with
their upper end being open, there would be an updraft as well. Open holes on the
walls of the Nuraghe towers could draw in the surrounding air and let it out
through the chimney, the moisture of the air would condense and the water from
the stones could drip to a central point at the bottom. Thus the system could
possibly be a continuous water condensing system from the air. So, although
this description may be adventurous thinking on my part, it certainly is a
possibility in the hands of a "group of Sea People" who studied all aspects of
water in their natural environment.
e) The name SU NURAGHE,
rearranged as "ARH-GN-SU-UE",
is a form of the Turkish expression "ARI
aKaN SU ÖYI" meaning"house
of clean running water". This definition in Turkish implies some
function involving purified running water.
Turkish word ARI means "pure,
clean", AKAN means "flowing,
dripping", SU means "water", ÖY
(EV) means "house,
home".
f) The name SU
NURAGHE, rearranged as "SU-GEHAN-UR", is
a form of the Turkish expression "SU
ÇIKAN YeR" (GÖZE, KAYNAK, PINAR, BULAK, KUYU) meaning "place
where water comes out of the ground". This
again implies that Su Nuraghes were water related places.
Turkish word ÇIKAN means "things
that appear", YER means "place", GÖZE means "water
spring", KAYNAK means "water
spring", BULAK means "water
spring", PINAR means "fountain", KUYU "water
well".
g) The name SU NURAGHE,
rearranged as "GAUNR-SU-EH",
is a form of the Turkish expression means "GAYNaR
SU Evi" (GÖZE) meaning "boiling
water house", "bubbling hot water house", "bubbling hot water spring".
This definition in Turkish implies some function for Su Nuraghe involving
generating "hot water" probably from "hot water springs" from the ground or by
means of "sun" energy. These "SU
NURAGHE" houses (or stations)
could act like a relaying stations for hot or cold water to be transported from
place to place and finally to houses in villages.
Turkish word GAYNAR means "hot;
hot water; hot water from ground", SU means "water".
This function of "SU
NURAGHE" is feasible due to
the fact that Sardinia is known for its hot waters springs bubbling out of the
ground at 40 to 68 degrees C. Ancient Sardinians being the "water
peoples" could have utilized their knowledge of "SU
NURAGHES" to utilize these hot
spring waters throughout the country by means of a Su Nuraghe network using
thousands of Su Nuraghes. In this context, see the online internet site
information at url
http://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowTopic-g187879-i466-k3593821-Natural_Hot_Springs-Sardinia.html
"The San Saturnine hot
springs in Bennett in the centre of Sardinia have been relaxing and curing folk
for a thousand years or more; in Roman times they were known as Aquae
Lesitanae. The sulphurous waters, bubble out at 40 degrees C and are used
to treat of different ailments, as well as for beauty enhancement [apparently].
Another ancient Roman
spa at Fordongianus sits around a big rectangular swimming area and is both
visually and historically interesting, with water at 54°C spouting from a lion's
head, many Roman relics around and a sophisticated water delivery system.
The baths of Santa Maria
Is Aquas, located a few kilometres from Sardara town, have two spa resorts
equipped with large pools offering beauty and therapy programmes, even in
winter.
The alkaline thermal
waters that pour from five springs at a temperature ranging from 50 to 68C were
visited even back in the Bronze Age, as well as by Phoenicians and Romans. The
present baths were built in the 19th century. "
h) The so-called Latin name AQUAE
LESITANAE, rearranged as "AQAN-ELE-SU-AEITA", is
the altered and anagrammatized form of the Turkish expression "AKAN
ILI SU ÖyITI" meaning "it
is running warm water house".
Again this Turkish definition inherent in the Latin name AQUAE
LESITANAE, is very much in line with its function as defined in the above
given citing. We also note that the Romanized term AQUAE, meaning "water", gets
it meaning from the Turkish word "SU" but in a totally confused way.
Alternatively, the so-called Latin name AQUAE
LESITANAE, rearranged as "UAA-ELEQ-ISETAN", is
the altered and anagrammatized form of the Turkish expression "ÖYÜ ILIK
ISITAN" meaning "that
which pleasantly warms the house".
Turkish word ILI
(ILIK) means "warm,
with medium heat", ISITAN means "that
which warms up", ÖYÜ means "the
house".
Let us see another similar "Latin" word. The Latin words "aquator" or "aquatoris" mean "water-carrier/bearer",
"one who fetches water".
i) This Latin word AQUATORIS,
rearranged letter-by-letter as "SU-QATARI-O",
is the anagrammatized form of the Turkish expression "SU
GETIRI O" meaning "it
brings water", "it fethches water", "it is water carrier". So, this
"Indo-European" word is nothing but an altered, restructured and Romanized
Turkish expression, just like all of the other so-called "Indo-European"
languages which have anagrammatized their words from the mother/father language
of Turkish.
Turkish word SU means "water", "GETIR" means "bring", "GETIRI" means "he/she/it
who brings", O means "he/she/it".
j) The name SU NURAGHE,
rearranged as "GAR-SU-HUNE",
is a form of the Turkish expression "GAR
SU HUNİ" meaning "the
collector of snow water". This definition in Turkish implies a function
of the Su Nuraghe involving "gathering the snow water" - which is a possibility.
SUN and Sky related meanings and functions:
k) The name SU NURAGHE,
rearranged as "GUNESH-UAR", is
a form of the Turkish expression "GÜNEŞ
YERİ" (GÜN IŞI YERİ) meaning "place
of sun light". This defnition in Turkish, in one concept, seems to refer
to the Nuraghes as a symbol of the sun and the sunlight. The builders of these
monuments were themselves "sun worshipping" people. Similar to this, the
so-called "obelisks" of ancient Masar (Misir, "Egypt") were also a symbol of the
Sun God Ra.
l) The name SU NURAGHE,
rearranged as "GUN-ESH-UAR",
is a form of the Turkish expression "GÜN
ISI YERi" meaning "place
of sun's heat". This definition in Turkish implies that the heat of the
sun is being collected at Su Nuraghes probably to heat water over a network of
thousands of Su Nuraghes throughout the Sardinian country. The black stones of
the Su Nuraghes would absorb the heat of the sun and retain it for a long time
after the sun went down - while reheating the water that was being transfered
from place to place through underground conduits.
Alternatively, it is a form of the Turkish expression "GÜN
IŞI YERI) meaning "place
of sunlight". This definition in Turkish implies some function involving
"sunlight". Heat of sunlight can be absorbed not only by the stones of the Su
Nuraghe buildings but sunlight can also come into the Su Nuraghe through the
built in chimney, that is, a large opening at the top.
It must also be noted that the single Su Nuraghe is a "Pantheon" like
construction having a "dome" with an "Oculus" at the top and with an entrance.
The Latin term "OCULUS" is a word that
has been fabricated from Turkish expression "ULU
GÖZ" meaning "great
eye". The "OCULUS", that is, the "ULUGÖZ",
is a symbol of the sun in the sky-dome and of the sunlight that comes in through
that opening (i.e., the sun) in the dome and which lights up the inside of the
dome (i.e., the earth). In this case, it is the sunlight coming through the
opening at the top (TEPE) of the Su Nuraghe. The Pantheon personifies the sky
dome and the sun shining through it and lighting up the earth. In ancient
Sardinian villages, even the houses were made cicular - probably with an opening
at the top of the building. These remind us of the Turanian "YURTS" in Central
Asia - which are also one-room circular houses with a central opening in its
dome.
DONE UP TO HERE Dec 4, 2011
m) The name SU NURAGHE,
rearranged as "GUN-SURAHE", is
a form of the Turkish expression " GÜN
SÜRAHI" meaning "sun
water-bottle". Turkish word SÜRAHI means "water
bottle"(a water holding decanter). A "Su Nuraghi" building by way of its
shape resembles a Turkish "sürahi". Again this definition in Turkish implies a
function of the Su Nuraghe being related to capturing the heat and/or the light
of the "sun" and
storing it for heating in a system of "running
water".
It seems that a "Su Nuraghi" shaped house, with such thick stone walls, in
ancient Sardinia, would be rather a warm house in winters and a cool house in
the hot summers of this Mediterranean island.
n) The name SU NURAGHE,
rearranged as "ESHU-GURAN", is
a form of the Turkish expression "IŞU
GÖREN" meaning "that
which sees light". This definition in Turkish refers to the Su Nuraghe
as being a structure that can be used to observe "light", such as, observing the
sky, stars, the sun and even communication signalling between the Su Nuraghes.
This also implies that the Nuraghes were used in an observation service. That
service could be the observation of the "sky" during day time as well as night.
The Nuraghes seem to have an opening at the top of each tower (BETILE) see
Figure 1. The inside appearance of this Nuraghe reminds me of the sky
observatories of Central Asia, particularly, the one of Ulug Bey Observatory.
If we imagine Figure 2 above, being on top of Figure 4 and constituting a
complete Su Nurage in its original form, the construction could resemble an
astronomical observation tower. The opening at the top would pass in front of a
band of the sky as the earth turns around itself. Some kind of image collecting
and displaying means could display into the bowl-like object in the bottom
middle and this would enable those who sit around it to observe parts of the sky
in a dark chamber during the night. Even in the day time, they could oberve the
clouds passing by for meteorology purposes. Many of these being scattered
around the country could make up a network of observation towers (Nuraghes)
which has embedded in it the Turkish expressiom "NUR
AGI" meaning "light
network" or "IŞI GUREN" meaning"that
which sees light". These embedded Turkish sayings could be an
indication of one of the many functions of this Nuraghe network.
Even the name SU NURAGHE,
rearranged as "ANU-GURESH", is
from the Turkish expression "ANU GÖRÜŞ" (GÖKÜ
GÖRÜŞ)meaning "seeing
the sky; an observatory; a watch tower". This implies that at least
some of these Nuraghes were used as Sky observatories in studying the heavens.
Turkish word AN (GÖK) means "sky", ANI
(ANU, GÖKÜ) means "the
sky; the sky-God (as in Sumerian ANU), GÖR means "see", GÖRÜŞ means "seeing".
o) The name SU NURAGHE,
rearranged as "GUA-SU-ERHN",
or "GUU-SA-ERHN" is
a form of the Turkish expression "GUyU
SU yEREN" (KUYU SU YERLERI) meaning "well-water
places". This definition in Turkish implies a function of being
protected "well" sites for underground waters. In fact we see this function in
the Sardinian "SU
TEMPIESU" constructions also.
This I will analyze separately in Part-4 of this study.
p) The name SU NURAGHE,
rearranged as "SENUR-AGHU", is
a form of the Turkish expression "SINUR
AĞI" (SINIR AĞI, SINIR ARA DIREKLERI) meaning "border web",
"border markers", "boundary markers". This definition in Turkish reminds
us of the so-called "KUDURRU" border
stones by the ancient Turanian KASSITES in
the Middle East. Possibly, some of the Nuraghes could have been used as boundary
markers as well between the city states of ancient Sardinia- as there are so
many of them.
FIRE related meanings:
r) The name SU NURAGHE,
rearranged as "NAR-USHEGU",
is a form of the Turkish expression "NAR
OCAGI" (ATAŞ OCAGI)meaning "glowing
fire hearth". This definition implies that at least some of these Su
Nuraghes may have been used as a "fire hearth" for metal smelting.
Even the name SU NURAGHE,
rearranged as "GUR-HANESU", is
from the Turkish expression "KOR
HANESİ" (KOR EVİ, ATAŞ EVİ, FIRIN) meaning "house
of fire, furnace". This also implies that some strong fire was used at
least in some of these Nuraghe sites. Turkish word KOR means "glowing
fire", HANE
(HAN) means "house,
place; palace", HANESİ means "the
house, the place; the palace".
This is also verified when we decipher the name NURAGHE in
the form of "NAR-UGHE",
we find that it is from the Turkish expression "NAR
ÖYÜ" (KOR EVİ, ATAŞ EVİ, FIRIN) meaning "house
of glowing fire, furnace". Turkish word NAR means"glowing
fire; pomegranate", ÖY
(EV) means "house,
home; a place to stay".
Ancient Turanians were metallurgists and therefore they were known as "DEMIRGI"
meaning "blacksmith".
See my paper at url
http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/Polat_Kaya/message/310
"Prof. Kitto, while writing about the country life of "ancient Greece", writes:
Of specialized trades we hear of only two, the
trades of the smith and the potter. These were "DEMIOURGOI",
'men who work for the populace', not themselves consuming the product of their
own toil. The demiourgos is the craftsman: in Plato, the Creator: hence
Demirurge in Shelley's Prometheus Unbound. It is interesting to notice that
these two are the only crafts which, in Greek, have divine exponents.
Hephaestus (Vulcan) the smith, and Prometheus, also a fire-god, but in Attic
cult the god of the potters." [Kitto,
p. 40-41].
And also see my paper at url http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/Polat_Kaya/message/535.
So it is very probable that the ancient Sardinans used some of these Nuraghes as
metal smelting hearths!
School Related meanings:
s) The name SU NURAGHE,
rearranged as "NUR-USHAGE",
is a form of the Turkish expression "NUR
OCAGI" (BILGI OCAGI) meaning "hearth
of enlightening", "house of learning". This definition implies that at
least some of these Su Nuraghes were part of a learning system. For example, if
a Nuraghe was used as a metal smelting furnace, then that Nuraghe would also be
an excellent place for on the job learning for smelting apprentices.
From all of these explanations, I fınd that the name SU
NURAGHE, is first of all a signature name that identifies the ancient Sea
people of Sardinia with the Turanian SAKA Turks who were also named as
Pelasgians ('Pelasgoi' by Greeks) in Ancient times. Additionally, the
different decipherments of the name "Su Nuraghe" provide for us meanings in
Turkish that are descriptive of the possible functions of these very well
engineered structures of the ancient
Sardinians. It appears that they were structures with multi-purpose functions as
I defined them above. These various possible functions are all described in
Turkish with expressions embedded in the name SU NURAGHE.
The ancient Masarians (the so-called "Egyptians") knew the power of words and
for that reason they paid extreme importance to them. We see this power of words
in Turkish as we decipher the name Su Nuraghe. This is what I tried to show in
this paper. Clearly, words have information storage capacity in Turkish related
to the people to whom they belong and to the functions that the words are
designed to represent. These stored meanings in Turkish are kept for a long
time.
With best wishes to all,
Polat Kaya
05/01/2012
